Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 12 de 12
Filter
1.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 115(3): 267-273, jun. 2017. tab
Article in English, Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-887323

ABSTRACT

Aunque, con tratamiento precoz, los pacientes con fenilcetonuria pueden presentar niveles de inteligencia normales, es importante optimizar el control dietético para mantener niveles de fenilalanina adecuados y poder desarrollar su potencial intelectual sin alteraciones en sus tareas diarias por déficits en las funciones ejecutivas. Se presenta una serie de 26 pacientes, diagnosticados y tratados precozmente, a quienes se realizó una evaluación psicométrica junto con determinaciones de fenilalanina a lo largo de su vida y en el momento de realización de los tests. Se observa una tendencia a la relación inversa entre el cociente intelectual y la fenilalanina concurrente, la mediana de fenilalanina y el cociente fenilalanina/tirosina, así como una tendencia a la relación negativa entre las funciones ejecutivas y los valores de fenilalanina concurrentes y durante la vida.


Although with early treatment phenylketonuria patients may have average intelligence levels, it is important to optimize the nutritional management to maintain adequate phenylalanine levels, so that patients can develop their intellectual potential free of abnormalities in their daily activities due to deficits of cognitive executive functions. This study presents a series of 26 patients, diagnosed and treated early, who underwent a psychometric evaluation together with phenylalanine determinations along their lives, and at the time of doing the tests. A trend is observed towards a reverse relationship between IQ and concurrent phenylalanine concentration, phenylalanine median and phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio. Likewise, a trend towards a negative relationship is observed between executive functions and concurrent phenylalanine values along patients' lives.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Child , Adolescent , Phenylalanine/blood , Phenylketonurias/blood , Phenylketonurias/therapy , Neuropsychological Tests , Phenylketonurias/psychology , Intelligence Tests
2.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 91(1): 98-103, Jan-Feb/2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-741573

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify markers of metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study consisting of 58 PKU patients (ages of 4-15 years): 29 patients with excess weight, and 29 with normal weight. The biochemical variables assessed were phenylalanine (phe), total cholesterol, HDL-c, triglycerides, glucose, and basal insulin. The patients had Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) and waist circumference assessed. RESULTS: No inter-group difference was found for phe. Overweight patients had higher levels of triglycerides, basal insulin, and HOMA, but lower concentrations of HDL-cholesterol, when compared to the eutrophic patients. Total cholesterol/HDL-c was significantly higher in the overweight group. A positive correlation between basal insulin level and HOMA with waist circumference was found only in the overweight group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that patients with PKU and excess weight are potentially vulnerable to the development of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct clinical and laboratory monitoring, aiming to prevent metabolic changes, as well as excessive weight gain and its consequences, particularly cardiovascular risk. .


OBJETIVO: Determinar marcadores bioquímicos da síndrome metabólica em pacientes com PKU. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados dois grupos de pacientes com PKU, de quatro a 15 anos, com excesso de peso (29) e eutróficos (29). As variáveis bioquímicas avaliadas foram fenilalanina (phe), colesterol total, HDL-c, triglicérides, glicose e insulina basal. Foi determinado o Homa e mensurada a circunferência da cintura. RESULTADOS: As concentrações de phe, de colesterol total e de glicose foram equivalentes entre os grupos. Os pacientes com excesso de peso apresentaram maiores concentrações de triglicérides, de insulina basal, maiores valores da determinação do Homa, menores concentrações de HDL colesterol e valores mais elevados da relação do colesterol total/HDL-c. Houve correlação positiva entre a dosagem de insulina basal e do Homa com a circunferência da cintura nos pacientes do grupo com excesso de peso. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que pacientes com PKU e excesso de peso são potencialmente vulneráveis ao desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica. Há, portanto, necessidade de acompanhamento clínico-laboratorial que previna as alterações metabólicas, o ganho excessivo de peso e as suas consequências, em especial o risco cardiovascular. .


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/etiology , Phenylalanine/blood , Phenylketonurias/complications , Biomarkers/blood , Blood Glucose/analysis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Cholesterol/blood , Insulin/blood , Metabolic Syndrome/blood , Overweight/blood , Overweight/complications , Phenylketonurias/blood , Phenylketonurias/diet therapy , Risk Factors , Triglycerides/blood
3.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 88(5): 396-400, set.-out. 2012. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-656029

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ingestão alimentar e o estado nutricional em selênio em pacientes com fenilcetonúria. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados prospectivamente 54 crianças com fenilcetonúria, entre 4 e 10 anos de idade. O estudo foi realizado antes e após o uso de mistura de aminoácidos complementada com selênio. A segunda fase do estudo foi realizada com, no mínimo, 90 dias de utilização da mistura complementada. O estado nutricional em selênio foi avaliado por meio da análise de parâmetros bioquímicos: dosagens séricas de selênio e tiroxina livre e dosagem de glutationa peroxidase no eritrócito. A ingestão alimentar de selênio foi avaliada por aplicação de Questionário de Frequência Alimentar Quantitativo. RESULTADOS: A idade média das crianças foi de 7,0±1,8 anos, e 35,2% eram do sexo feminino. O tempo médio de complementação de selênio, em fórmula especial, foi de 122,2±25,1 dias. A mistura de aminoácidos complementada com o mineral representou 72,9% da oferta diária de selênio. Após a complementação, as concentrações médias de selênio sérico e de glutationa peroxidase no eritrócito apresentaram aumento significativo (p < 0,05). A ingestão média diária de selênio aumentou significativamente (p < 0,001), alcançando o recomendado pela Ingestão Dietética de Referência. A concentração de tiroxina livre, no soro, apresentou redução significativa (p < 0,001) em todos os pacientes na segunda fase do estudo, tendo retornado aos limites da normalidade naqueles em que estava alterada. CONCLUSÃO: A complementação de selênio por meio de substituto proteico é eficaz para melhorar e adequar o estado nutricional de selênio em pacientes com fenilcetonúria.


OBJECTIVE: To evaluate selenium dietary intake and nutritional status of patients with phenylketonuria. METHODS: The study prospectively evaluated 54 children with phenylketonuria, from 4 to10 years old. The study was performed before and after the use of a selenium-supplemented amino acid mixture. The second phase of the study was performed after, at least, 90 days of use of the supplementation. Selenium nutritional status was assessed through the analysis of biochemical parameters: serum free thyroxin and selenium and glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes. Selenium dietary intake was evaluated by the administration of the Food Frequency Questionnaire. RESULTS: Mean age of the children was of 7.0±1.8 years, and 35.2% were female. Mean time of supplementation of selenium, on special formula, was 122.2±25.1 days. The selenium-supplemented amino acid mixture represented 72.9% of the daily supply of the mineral. Upon supplementation, mean concentrations of serum selenium and glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes increased significantly (p < 0.05). The average daily intake of selenium increased significantly (p < 0.001), reaching the levels recommended by the Dietary Reference Intakes. The concentration of free thyroxin, in serum, presented significant reduction (p < 0.001) in all patients during the second phase of the study, and returned to normal limits in those who had changed levels. CONCLUSION: Selenium supplementation through protein replacement is effective to improve and adapt the nutritional status of selenium in patients with phenylketonuria.


Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Amino Acids/administration & dosage , Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Dietary Supplements , Nutritional Status , Phenylketonurias/diet therapy , Selenium/administration & dosage , Age Distribution , Brazil , Glutathione Peroxidase/blood , Nutrition Assessment , Prospective Studies , Phenylketonurias/blood , Selenium/blood
4.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 88(4): 353-356, jul.-ago. 2012. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-649467

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar inteligência e relação com concentrações sanguíneas de fenilalanina e condição socioeconômica de fenilcetonúricos entre 6 e 12 anos em tratamento. MÉTODOS: Sessenta e três crianças, classificadas por níveis de fenilalanina e condição socioeconômica, realizaram Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Utilizou-se o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) para analisar níveis de fenilalanina; testes ANOVA para avaliar quociente de inteligência (QI) e níveis de fenilalanina; e regressão logística ordinal para avaliar chances de melhor desempenho em QI. RESULTADOS: Classificaram-se entre limítrofe e nível muito superior em QI total, 90,5% das crianças; em QI verbal, 96,8%; em QI de execução, 92,1%. Tiveram avaliação socioeconômica entre níveis baixo e médio superior, 98,4% das famílias. As chances de apresentar QI superior e médio foram 4,29 vezes maiores nas crianças com controle adequado e 4,03 vezes maiores nas de níveis socioeconômicos melhores. CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento preveniu o retardo mental em 90,5% dos pacientes. O controle dos níveis de fenilalanina e melhor nível socioeconômico se associaram aos melhores desempenhos em QI.


OBJECTIVES: To assess intelligence and its relationship with blood phenylalanine concentrations and socioeconomic status in patients with phenylketonuria after 6 to 12 years of treatment. METHODS: Sixty-three children were classified according to phenylalanine levels and socioeconomic status and assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze phenylalanine; ANOVA was used to analyze intelligence quotients (IQ) and phenylalanine levels; and ordinal logistic regression was used to analyze the likelihood of higher IQ. RESULTS: The overall IQ scores of 90.5% of the children were within a range from borderline intellectual deficiency to very high intelligence; for verbal IQ this proportion was 96.8% and 92.1% had performance IQ scores within this band. The categories from low to upper-medium socioeconomic status contained 98.4% of patients' families. The likelihood of having medium to high IQ was 4.29 times greater for children with good phenylalanine control and 4.03 greater for those from higher socioeconomic strata. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment prevented mental retardation in 90.5% of the patients. Control of phenylalanine levels and higher socioeconomic status were associated with higher IQ scores.


Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Intelligence , Phenylketonurias , Phenylalanine/blood , Social Class , Analysis of Variance , Intellectual Disability/prevention & control , Logistic Models , Phenylketonurias/blood , Phenylketonurias/psychology , Wechsler Scales
5.
J. Soc. Bras. Fonoaudiol ; 24(4): 386-389, 2012. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-660598

ABSTRACT

A fenilcetonúria (PKU) ocorre na incapacidade para transformar fenilalanina em tirosina, trazendo efeitos tóxicos para o sistema nervoso central. Tradicionalmente, no tratamento da PKU, o aleitamento materno é substituído por fórmula láctea. Este estudo verificou os efeitos do aleitamento materno como fonte de fenilalanina no desenvolvimento de crianças com PKU. Participaram dez lactentes com PKU, que iniciaram o tratamento com a introdução de fórmula láctea antes dos 30 dias e que mantiveram o aleitamento materno por no mínimo 30 dias de vida após o início dos procedimentos. Os procedimentos basearam-se em estimar a ingestão de leite materno, com margem segura da concentração da fenilalanina, calculando o volume gástrico e oferecendo inicialmente fórmula láctea, seguida do aleitamento materno em demanda livre, em todas as mamadas. O tempo de amamentação variou de um mês e cinco dias a 14 meses. Os controles sanguíneos foram semanais. Se o nível sérico da fenilalanina estivesse >2 mg/dL e <6 mg/dL mantinha-se a prescrição; se estivesse <2 mg/dL, diminuía-se a fórmula láctea em 25%, aumentando indiretamente o aleitamento materno; se estivesse >6 mg/dL, aumentava-se a fórmula em 50%. Avaliou-se os níveis de fenilalanina, aplicou-se a Early Language Milestone Scale e Passos Básicos do Desenvolvimento. Foram considerados adequados aqueles lactentes que apresentaram índices normativos em todas as avaliações. Dos lactentes, 80% conseguiram manter limites seguros da fenilalanina e desenvolvimento nos índices normativos. Há viabilidade da continuidade do aleitamento materno no tratamento de crianças com PKU desde que os níveis de fenilalanina sejam rigorosamente controlados e que os efeitos do aleitamento materno para o desenvolvimento infantil sejam verificados.


Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the inability to convert phenylalanine into tyrosine, causing toxic effects to the central nervous system. Traditionally, in the treatment of PKU, breastfeeding is replaced by formula milk. This study verified the effects of breastfeeding as a source of phenylalanine on the development of children with PKU. Participants were ten infants with PKU who started treatment with the introduction of formula before 30 days of life, and maintained breastfeeding for at least 30 days after the start of procedures. The procedures were based on estimating breast milk intake, with a safe margin of phenylalanine concentration, calculating stomach volume, and initially offering formula, then breastfeeding on free demand, at every feeding. Breastfeeding duration ranged from one month and five days to 14 months. Blood controls were tested weekly. If the serum level of phenylalanine was >2 mg/dL and <6 mg/dL, the prescription was kept; if it was >2 mg/dL, the formula was decreased by 25%, indirectly increasing breastfeeding; if it was <6 mg/dL the formula was increased by 50%. The phenylalanine levels were assessed, and the Early Milestone Scale and the Basic Steps of Development were applied. Those who had normative index in all evaluations were considered adequate. Eighty percent of infants were able to keep safe concentrations of phenylalanine and development within normal indices. Continued breastfeeding is viable in the treatment of children with PKU, provided that phenylalanine levels are strictly controlled and the effects of breastfeeding on child development are monitored.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Breast Feeding , Phenylalanine/blood , Phenylketonurias/blood , Child Development/physiology , Phenylketonurias/diet therapy
7.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 36(2): 104-110, jun. 2009. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-554836

ABSTRACT

La Fenilquetonuria (PKU) se produces por la deficiencia de la enzima Fenilalanina Hidroxilasa, causando un aumento plasmático de fenilalanina (FA). El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la ingesta de Selenio (Se), Zinc (Zn) y vitamina E en niños PKU menores de 13 años de edad, que estaban en dieta restringida en FA y recibiendo fórmula especial sin FA. Método: Se incluyeron 50 PKU entre los 0 y 13 años y en control en el INTA, Universidad de Chile. Se analizó ingesta de vitamina E, Se y Zn, se midió nivel de FA en plasma y se evaluó estado nutritional. Resultados: Las recomendaciones diarias de Se y Zn se cubren en un 100 por ciento con la dieta habitual de PKU. Pero al excluir la formula sin FA, la cobertura de ambos nutriente disminuye a 45 por ciento y 20 por ciento respectivamente. La ingesta de vitamina E se cubre en forma natural por el consumo de aceites vegetales y al incluir la vitamina de la fórmula sin FA, la cobertura se incrementaba 5 veces sobre su recomendación. El nivel de FA en la sangre fue en promedio de 5.4 mg/dL, considerado un buen control metabólico. El 64 por ciento tenía un estado nutritional normal, el 30 por ciento estaba sobrepeso u obeso y un 6 por ciento riesgo de desnutrición. Conclusiones: Se concluye que la dieta de niños PKU cubre las recomendaciones de los micronutrientes: Zn, Se y vitamina E. No obstante se debe enfatizar la importancia que tiene la fórmula sin FA para cumplir con las recomendaciones nutricionales, especialmente de micronutrientes.


Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme Phenylalanine Hydroxylase, resulting in increased plasma Phenylalanine (Phe). The aim of this study was to assess the intake of Selenium (Se), Zinc (Zn) and vitamin E in PKU children, who were on a diet restricted in Phenylalanine (Phe) and receiving a special formula without Phe. Method: the study included 50 PKU children between 0 and 13 years controled at INTA, University of Chile. We analyzed intake of vitamin E, Se and Zn, measured Phe plasma levels and assessed nutritional status. Results: The daily recommendations of Se and Zn were 100 percent covered with the usual PKU diet. By excluding the formula without Phe, the coverage of both nutrients decreased to 45 percent and 20 percent respectively. The intake of vitamin E was covered by the consumption of vegetable oils and when the formula without Phe was included, the coverage was increased 5 times over the recommended levels. Blood Phe level remained on average at 5.4 mgldL, considered a good metabolic control. Conclusions: We conclude that the diet of PKU children covered the recommended levels of Zn, Se and vitamin E. However, it should be emphasized the importance of the formula without Phe to meet nutritional recommendations, particularly of micronutrients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Phenylketonurias/diet therapy , Energy Intake/physiology , Selenium/administration & dosage , Vitamin E/administration & dosage , Zinc/administration & dosage , Body Height , Body Weight , Cross-Sectional Studies , Phenylketonurias/blood , Nutrition Assessment , Phenylalanine , Retrospective Studies , Selenium/blood , Vitamin E/blood , Zinc/blood
8.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 83(5): 447-452, Sept.-Oct. 2007. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-467356

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do leite materno como fonte de fenilalanina (phe) nos níveis sangüíneos desse aminoácido e no crescimento de fenilcetonúricos. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 35 fenilcetonúricos que mantiveram leite materno, e os resultados foram comparados com os de 35 lactentes que usaram fórmula láctea comercial. Os grupos foram pareados por sexo e por idade à suspensão do aleitamento materno. Os dados foram analisados até a suspensão do leite materno ou durante 12 meses de acompanhamento. O grupo amamentado recebeu "fórmula especial" isenta em phe, em mamadeira a cada 3 horas, e leite materno em livre demanda nos intervalos. Os níveis sangüíneos de phe, coletados semanalmente até 6 meses e quinzenalmente até 1 ano de idade, foram analisados durante a amamentação. Foram comparados o tempo necessário para adequação dos níveis sangüíneos de phe, após o início do tratamento, utilizando o teste de Wilcoxon e os dados antropométricos, pelo teste t de Student pareado, utilizando o escore z. As dosagens de phe foram analisadas durante a amamentação. RESULTADOS: O tempo mediano para adequação dos níveis de phe no sangue foi de 8 dias para o grupo amamentado e de 7 dias para o grupo controle. As dosagens de phe estavam adequadas em 87 por cento das vezes para o grupo amamentado e em 74,4 por cento para o grupo controle. Na avaliação antropométrica, a maioria das crianças, de ambos os grupos, apresentou escore z > -2. CONCLUSÃO: A manutenção do aleitamento materno, durante o tratamento, mostrou-se adequada no controle metabólico e no crescimento das crianças fenilcetonúricas.


OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of breastmilk as a source of phenylalanine (phe) on levels of this amino acid and on growth in phenylketonuric infants. METHODS: The study recruited 35 breastfed phenylketonuric infants and compared their results with those of 35 infants fed on commercial, milk-based formula. The groups were paired for sex and age at weaning from breastfeeding. Data were analyzed up until cessation of breastmilk or for 12 months' follow-up. The breastfed group were given a "special formula" free of phe, by bottle every 3 hours, and breastmilk at will during the intervals. Levels of phe in the blood, collected weekly up to 6 months and fortnightly up to 1 year de age, were analyzed while breastfeeding continued. The two groups were compared in terms of the time taken for the levels of phe in blood to return to normal after treatment was started, using the Wilcoxon test. Anthropometric data were compared with Student's t paired test in the form of z scores. The phe assays were analyzed throughout breastfeeding. RESULTS: The median time taken for phe levels to return to normal was 8 days for the breastfed group and 7 days for the control group. The phe assay results were normal in 87 percent of tests for the breastfed group and in 74.4 percent for the control group. The majority of children in both groups exhibited a z score > -2 on anthropometric examination. CONCLUSIONS: Continuation of breastfeeding, during the treatment, proved adequate for metabolic control and growth in children with phenylketonuria.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Breast Feeding , Phenylalanine/blood , Phenylketonurias/diet therapy , Case-Control Studies , Cohort Studies , Child Development/physiology , Phenylketonurias/blood
9.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 34(3): 220-227, sept. 2007. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-515293

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La Academia Americana de Pediatría (AAP) ha clasificado la Fenilquetonuria (PKU) e Hiperfenilalaninemia (HFA) según la tolerancia de la ingesta de fenilalanina (FA) en: PKU clásica: 20 mg FA/kg/día, PKU moderada: 21 y 25 mg FA/kg/día y PKU leve: 25 y 50 mg FA/kg/día, e HFA benigna con dieta normal, manteniendo un nivel plasmático de FA entre 2,0 y 10,0 mg/dl. Objetivo: Evaluar la evolución clínica de 67 niños con valores de FA plasmática entre 2.1 y 6.0 mg/dL en el período neonatal. Resultados: Del total, 29 niños tenía entre 0 y 2 años, 23 entre 2 y 4 años y 15 niños eran mayores de 4 años de edad. El estado nutricional de 45 niños era normal, 14 niños estaban con sobrepeso u obesidad, y 8 casos tenían riesgo nutricional. Se determinó que 4 niños tenían una ingesta menor de 20 mg FA/kg/día, dos niños entre 21 y 25 mg FA/kg/día, 15 casos entre los 26 a 50 mg FA/kg/día y 46 niños estaban con dieta normal. Conclusión: Los recién nacidos con niveles de FA entre 2.1 y 6.0 mg/dl durante el período neonatal, tienen una evolución clínica y nutricional diferente, que puede ir desde una PKU clásica a una HFA benigna, por lo cual se recomienda mantener un control frecuente de FA sanguínea y una vigilancia nutricional, con un mínimo de 2 años de seguimiento.


Introduction: The American Academy of Pediatric (AAP) has classified Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Hyperphenylalaninaemias (HPhe) according to tolerance of phenylalanine (Phe) intake in: Classic PKU (20 mg Phe/kg/day), moderate PKU (between 21 and 25 mg Phe/kg/day) and mild PKU (between 25 and 50 mg Phe/kg/day), and benign HPhe with normal diet, maintaining blood Phe levels between 2,0 and 10,0 mg/dL. Objective: To evaluate the clinical evolution of 67 children with blood Phe values between 2,1 and 6.0 mg/dl in the neonatal period. Results: Of the total, 29 children were aged between 0 and 2 years, 23 between 2 and 4 years and 15 children were older than 4 years of age. The nutritional state of 45 children was normal, 14 children were overweight or obese, and 8 were at nutritional risk. Four children had Phe intake below 20 mg/kg/day, two children between 21 and 25 mg/kg/day; 15 cases between 26 to 50 mg/kg/day and 46 children were on normal diet. Conclusion: Newborns with blood Phe levels between 2,1 and 6,0 mg/dl in the neonatal period, had a different clinical and nutritional evolution, which could go from the classic PKU to a benign HPhe. Thus, it is recommended to keep a frequent control of plasmatic Phe levels and nutritional monitoring for a minimum of 2 years of follow up.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Phenylalanine/blood , Phenylketonurias/metabolism , Phenylketonurias/blood , Body Mass Index , Chile , Clinical Evolution , Follow-Up Studies , Phenylalanine Hydroxylase/deficiency , Phenylalanine/administration & dosage , Phenylketonurias/diet therapy , Nutritional Status , Retrospective Studies
12.
Indian J Pediatr ; 1982 Sep-Oct; 49(400): 685-8
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-84904
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL